"My Love"

"My Love"

I've checked my bag,
I found it empty,
I've checked my pockets,
I found a few coins,
I've checked my hearts,
I found you all...WOW!!!! My Family,

Then.......,I realize how rich n lucky i am...

Mohamad Aluis Hamri.

Isu Keselamatan & Kesihatan

Tahap Perkembangan Isu Keselamatan Di Malaysia
Apabila kita menyentuh tentang isu keselamatan dan kesihatan di Malaysia, sebenarnya isu ini telah bermula semenjak 120 tahun dahulu. Bermula pada era keselamatan dandang (Sebelum 1914) sehingga kini ke era keselamatan dan kesihatan pekerjaan (selepas 1994).Oleh yang demikian ,tahap perkembangan isu keselamatan di Malaysia kita boleh bahagikan kepada lima peringkat iaitu:

i. Tahap Pertama :Era Keselamatan Dandang (Sebelum 1914)
ii. Tahap Kedua :Era Keselamatan Jentera (1914-1962)
iii. Tahap Ketiga :Era Keselamatan Industri (1962-1970)
iv. Tahap Keempat :Era Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Industri (1970-1994)
v. Tahap Kelima :Era Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan (Selepas 1994)

Istilah-Istilah Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan

Sebelum kita memulakan perbincangan kita di dalam topik keselamatan dan kesihatan pekerjaan ini, kita haruslah mengetahui serba sedikit mengenai istilah-istilah yang perlu kita fahami. Istilah-istilah ini termasuklah seperti:

Keselamatan dan Kesihatan
Keselamatan membawa maksud di mana bebas daripada bahaya yang wujud di persekitaran tempat kerja dan menurut kamus Webster ia memberi makna kualiti atau keadaan yang tidak membawa sebarang risiko. Manakala kesihatan pula bermaksud keadaan tubuh badan atau minda kita berada di dalam berkeadaan baik ataupun tidak baik. Penyediaan persekitaran kerja yang kondusif dan langkah-langkah berjaga-jaga yang berpatutan untuk mencegah orang yang bekerja daripada tercedera atau mendapat kesan kesihatan akibat aktiviti kerja yang dijalankan.

Hazard
Occupational Safety and Health Assessment Series 18002’ (OHSAS 18002) dan (ISO/IEC Guide 51:1999) mentakrifkan Hazard sebagai punca atau keadaan yang mempunyai potensi yang mengakibatkan kemudaratan dalam konteks kecederaan dan penyakit kepada manusia, kerosakan pada harta benda, berlakunya kerosakan pada persekitaran di tempat kerja atau kedua-duanya sekali.

Bahaya
Bahaya lebih menekankan dedahan relatif seseorang kepada hazard. Panduan ISO/ IEC 51:1990 (E) memberikan perkataan “bahaya” ini adalah untuk menerangkan bahawa keadaan yang berisiko tinggi.

Risiko
Risiko adalah gabungan kemungkinan dan akibat sesuatu peristiwa berbahaya berlaku. Risiko juga boleh dikatakan sebagai gabungan faktor-faktor kemungkinan berlakunya peristiwa yang malang, dedahan dan impak kemalangan tersebut. (OHSAS 18002). Kemungkinan membawa takrifan di mana kebarangkalian kemalangan itu akan berlaku. Kebarangkalian kemalangan boleh diketahui melalui statistik dan perangkaan kemalangan.

Kemalangan
Kemalangan membawa takrifan di mana sesuatu perkara yang tidak dirancang, yang berkemungkinan menyebabkan kecederaan perseorangan ataupun kerosakan pada harta benda. (King dan Hudson)

Sematan

Sematan-Nice Place for Your Holiday.

1. Trip To Tanjung Dato'
2. Trip To Teluk Melano
3. Trip to Pulau Talang-Talang
4. Fishing

Contact Aluis

No.tel :+60198891241/+60138192736/+6082711207
Email :mohd_aluis@yahoo.com

Journey To Balai Karangan (Indonesia)

"Hujan emas di negeri orang,hujan batu di negeri sendiri"

http://www.safetyfirstaluis.blogspot.com: Peraturan Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan

http://www.safetyfirstaluis.blogspot.com: Peraturan Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan

Peraturan Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan

PERATURAN-PERATURAN KESELAMATAN
DAN KESIHATAN PEKERJAAN
(Pegawai Keselamatan dan Kesihatan)

Peraturan-Peraturan terpakai bagi

a. seseorang yang bertindak sebagai pegawai keselamatan dan kesihatan; dan
b. seseorang majikan bagi kelas atau industri yang dikehendaki mengambil kerja pegawai keselamatan dan kesihatan.

Tiada seorang pun boleh bertindak sebagai pegawai keselamatan dan kesihatan melainkan jika telah berdaftar dengan Ketua Pengarah.

Permohonan pendaftaran hendaklah dikemukakan berserta dengan Borang sebagaimana yang dinyatakan dalam Jadual 1 berserta dengan fee pemprosesan sebanyak RM 100.00 disertai dengan apa-apa dokumen dan maklumat seperti yang dinyatakan dalam Borang.

Kelayakan Pendaftaran

a. mempunyai diploma keselamatan dan kesihatan pekerjaan atau setaraf yang diluluskan oleh Menteri

b. berjaya menamatkan kursus latihan dalam keselamatan dan kesihatan pekerjaan dan lulus peperiksaan bagi kursus itu atau setaraf yang diluluskan oleh Menteri dan mempunyai minimum 3 tahun pengalaman dalam keselamatan dan kesihatan pekerjaan;

(Kursus Pegawai Keselamatan dan Kesihatan yang dijalankan oleh IKKPN adalah antara kursus yang diluluskan)

c. Pernah bekerja dalam bidang keselamatan dan kesihatan pekerjaan untuk tempoh minimum 10 tahun; atau

d. Mempunyai kelayakan lain atau telah menerima latihan yang ditetapkan dari semasa ke semasa oleh Menteri

Seseorang tidak berhak untuk didaftarkan sebagai Pegawai Keselamatan dan Kesihatan jika

a. disabitkan dengan mana-mana kesalahan dibawah Akta atau peraturan yang dibuat dibawahnya;

b. disabitkan dengan mana-mana kesalahan dan dihukum lebih daripada satu tahun penjara atau didenda lebih daripada RM 2000.00 dan

c. diisytiharkan bankrap

Pegawai Keselamatan dan Kesihatan yang telah didaftar hendaklah menghadiri apa-apa program pendidikan berterusan sekurang-kurangnya sekali dalam setahun bagi maksud pembaharuan pendaftaran.

(Program pendidikan berterusan ertinya kursus, seminar, persidangan atau program pendidikan yang lain dalam keselamatan dan kesihatan pekerjaan atau setaraf, yang diluluskan oleh Ketua Pengarah)

Perakuan Pendaftaran

Tempoh sah untuk pendaftaran ialah 3 tahun kecuali jika dibatalkan terlebih dahulu.

Pembaharuan Pendaftaran

Pegaawi Keselamatan dan Kesihatan dikehendaki membuat permohonan pembaharuan pendaftaran dengan mengemukakan Borang seperti dalam jadual II disertai dengan fee pemprosesan sebanyak RM 50.00.

Keengganan Untuk Mendaftar

Ketua Pengarah boleh enggan mendaftar mana-mana permohonan pendaftaran jika:

a. telah berhenti menjadi Pegawai Keselamatan dan Kesihatan;

b. Pegawai Keselamatan dan Kesihatan berdaftar tetapi tidak pernah dilantik sebagai Pegawai Keselamatan dan Kesihatan dibawah Akta;

c. Tidak memenuhi apa-apa kehendak yang dinyatakan dibawah peraturan ini,

d. Gagal menjalankan kewajipan sebagaimana yang dinyatakan dibawah Akta dan Peraturan, atau

e. Tidak menunjukkan apa-apa bukti dia telah menghadiri program pendidikan berterusan dalam tempoh 3 tahun yang terakhir.

Pembatalan Pendaftaran

Ketua Pengarah boleh membatalkan pendaftaran pada bila-bila masa jika

a. telah berhenti menjadi pegawai keselamatan dan kesihatan,

b. telah disabitkan dengan mana-mana kesalahan dibawah Akta atau Peraturan,

c. tidak memenuhi apa-apa kehendak yang dinyatakan di bawah Peraturan ini atau perintah yang dibuat oleh Menteri, atau

d. telah memperolehi pendaftaran melalui salah nyataan atau fraud

Kewajipan Majikan

a. menyediakan kemudahan-kemudahan yang sesuai termasuk peralatan latihan, dan maklumat yang mencukupi bagi membolehkan Pegawai Keselamatan dan Kesihatan menjalankan kewajipannya;

b. membenarkan Pegawai Keselamatan dan Kesihatan menghadiri program pendidikans ekurang-kurangnya sekali setahun, dan

c. mengarahkan seorang atau lebih penyelia membantu Pegawai Keselamatan dan Kesihatan dalam mana-mana penyiasatan mengenai kemalangan, kemalangan nyaris, kejadian berbahaya, keracunan pekerjaan atau penyakit pekerjaan.

Kewajipan Pegawai Keselamatan dan Kesihatan

a. menasihati majikan mengenai langkah-langkah yang perlu diambil bagi kepentingan keselamatan dan kesihatan;

b. memeriksa tempat kerja untuk menentukan apa-apa yang boleh menyebabkan kecederaan anggota ke atas mana-mana orang yang bekerja di tempat kerja,

c. menyiasat apa-apa kemalangan, kemalangan nyaris, kejadian berbahaya, keracunan pekerjaan,

d. membantu majikan atau Jawatankuasa Keselamatan dan Kesihatan dalam menganjur da melaksanakan program keselamatan dan kesihatan pekerjaan;

e. menjadi setiausaha kepada Jawatankuasa Keselamatan dan Kesihatan;

f. membantu Jawatankuasa Keselamatan dan Kesihatan dalam pemeriksaan tempat kerja;

g. memungut, menganalisa dan menyenggara statistik;

h. membantu mana-mana pegawai pada menjalankan kewajipannya dibawah Akta dan Peraturan; dan

i. menjalankan apa-apa arahan lain yang dibuat oleh majikan atas apa-apa perkara ayng berkaitan dengan keselamatan dan kesihatan tempat kerja.

Laporan

Pegawai Keselamatan dan Kesihatan hendaklah mengemukakan suatu laporan kepada majikan berkaitan aktiviti-aktiviti sebelum 10 haribulan setiap bulan dan mestilah mengandungi:

a. apa-apa tindakan yang perlu diambil oleh majikan untuk mematuhi Akta dan Peraturan;

b. cara untuk mewujudkan dan mengekalkan keadaan bekerja yang selamat dan sihat;

c. jumlah dan jenis kemalangan termasuk jumlah orang yang terlibat( LTI dan NLTI);

d. apa-apa jentera, loji, peralatan perkakas, bahan atau proses, atau jenis kerja kasar yang digunakan di tempat kerja yang boleh menyebabkan kecederaan;

e. apa-apa jentera, loji, peralatan perkakas, bahan atau apa=apa alat pelindung diri yang dikehendaki bagi mengurangkan risiko;

f. mengesyorkan apa-apa pengubahan yang perlu dibuat bagi kepentingan keselamatan dan kesihatan pekerjaan;

g. apa-apa kerja yang telah dijalankan untuk menggalakkan keselamatan dan kesihatan di tempat kerja;

h. apa-apa perkara yang belum selesai yang berbangkit daripada laporan yang terdahulu; atau

i. apa-apa perkara lain yang berhubung dengan keselamatan dan kesihatan di tempat kerja.


Perintah Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan
(Pegawai Keselamatan dan Kesihatan)

Majikan daripada kelas atau jenis industri yang berikut hendaklah mengambil kerja pegawai keselamatan dan kesihatan

a. pengendalian bangunan : nilai kontrak projek melebihi RM 20 juta;

b. pembinaan kejuruteraan : nilai kontrak projek melebihi RM 20 juta;

c. Pembinaan kapal yang mengambil kerja lebih daripada 100 pekerja pada puncak kerja;

d. Aktiviti memproses gas atau industri petrokimia dengan lebih daripada 100 pekerja;

e. Industri kimia dan yang bersekutu dengan lebih dariapda 100 pekerja;

f. Aktiviti membuat dandang dan vessel tekanan dengan lebih daripada 100 pekerja;

g. Industri logam dengan lebih daripada 100 pekerja;

h. Industri kerja kayu dengan lebih daripada 100 pekerja;

i. Aktiviti pembuatan simen dengan lebih daripada 100 pekerja;

j. Aktiviti pembuatan lain daripad (f) hingga (i) dengan lebih daripada 500 pekerja.

Tindakan Yang Perlu Diambil Ke Atas Laporan

Majikan yang telah menerima laporan daripada Pegawai Keselamatan dan Kesihatan hendaklah :

a. membincangkan laporan tersebut dengan Pegawai Keselamatan dan Kesihatan dalam tempoh 2 minggu; dan

b. menanda tangan balas sebagai pengakuan penerimaan

Laporan hendaklah disimpan dalam keadaan baik untuk tempoh selama tempoh 10 tahun

Fire Accident

INTRODUCTION
Whatever the nature of your business, there will always be a potential for damage or loss due to fire. People may be injured or even killed in fire-related incidents. Thousands of businesses are adversely affected by fires every year, with many suffering a complete loss of livelihood. This element will give advice on the law relating to fire safety and general guidance on fire precautions in non-factory premises.
Full and further advice should always be sought from the County Fire and Rescue Service, responsible for issuing Fire Certificates and enforcing other requirements of fire safety legislation.

THE LAW

The Fire Precautions (Workplace) Regulations 1997 (amended in 1999) and the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 place responsibility on the employer to ensure safety from fire in the workplace. These regulations require the employer to assess the likelihood of fire and its consequences for those in the workplace and take appropriate measures to reduce or eliminate the risk. In the case of the workplace having 5 or more employees, the employer must record the significant findings of the risk assessment and identify any groups of people who are especially at risk.
The workplace includes any place within the premises to which employees have access, such as any room, lobby or corridor and staircase, as well as any road used as a means of entering or leaving the workplace.
A fire certificate is required for any premises used as a hotel or boarding house if sleeping accommodation is provided for more than 6 persons (whether guests or staff) or where there is some sleeping accommodation above the first floor or below the ground floor. A fire certificate is also required in respect of factory premises in or under which certain explosive or highly flammable materials are used or stored (depending on kind and quantities).
Practical guidance on fire precautions in certificated and non-certificated premises is given in two separate documents (Guide and Code of Practice respectively) available from HMSO (see References/Further Details)

COMMON CAUSES OF FIRE

1. Electricity - neglect and misuse of wiring and electrical appliances.
2. Refuse/rubbish - accumulating in work/storage areas.
3. Smoking - discarded cigarettes, matches, inadequate ashtrays.
4. Heaters - Portable heaters can be knocked over, poorly sited or inadequately guarded. All heaters could overheat if obstructed.
5. Hazardous goods - includes materials such as paints, adhesives or other chemicals.
6. Arson - by mischievous children and adult fire raisers, facilitated by ineffectively secured buildings.
7. Specific hazards - machinery in dusty environments, heated equipment (e.g. soldering irons), blow lamps, cutting and welding equipment, flammable liquids.

CONSIDERATIONS

1 Fire Precautions - NB - These will usually be specified in the fire certificate (where required) or as guidance for exempted premises, found in the Code of Practice.
• Means of escape - routes; exits; marking of fire exits; emergency and escape lighting; fire doors should never be wedged open and their self-closing devices should be checked regularly.
• Routes and emergency exits and the exits themselves should be kept clear. Exits should not be so locked that they cannot be opened easily in the event of an emergency.
• Emergency doors should open in the direction of escape and sliding or revolving doors should not be used for emergency exits.
• Fire warning systems - required for certificated premises; a prudent precaution for exempted premises; regular tests and records of these to be kept; any system should be suitable for the premises.
• Means of fire fighting - appropriate types of equipment and places where it is to be provided; need to ensure appropriate types and numbers of extinguishers to deal with different fire risks according to the size of the building, physical and chemical properties of substances present and the maximum number of people present at any one time. Fire fighting equipment should be easily accessible and simple to use.
• Contacting emergency services- suitable arrangements must be put in place.

2 Training Staff

For certificated premises this may be specified in the certificate. Induction training is particularly important. Practical training can be supplemented by additional written instructions and all training should be logged. Employers should nominate employees to implement measures for fire fighting and provide them with adequate training, information and equipment.
Practice fire drills should be carried at least once a year, and perhaps more frequently for larger premises. The use of appointed ‘fire wardens’ to supervise and review evacuation exercises is recommended.

3 Fire Instruction Signs / Notices

Emergency routes and exits must be indicated by signs. Emergency routes requiring illumination should be provided with emergency lighting of adequate intensity should normal lighting fails. It is good practice to have printed notices displayed in conspicuous positions in all parts of the premises detailing the action to be taken in the event of fire.

4 Staff Considerations

All staff should be consulted (or their elected representatives or appointed trade union representatives) about your proposals when setting up fire precautions.
You must inform and co-operate with other employers who may share the same building.
Account should be taken of the less able-bodied, wheelchair users and those with impaired mobility, staff with impaired vision or impaired hearing and staff with learning difficulties.
Your employees are legally required to co-operate with you to ensure the safety of the workplace and not do anything that places anyone at risk.

5 Alterations

Before carrying out structural alterations or changes to fire alarm systems it may save you time and expense to consult with your local building control officer and/or Fire Prevention Officer.

6 Maintenance

Fire precautions equipment and devices should be subject to a suitable system of maintenance in order to ensure they remain in efficient working order and good repair.

7 Common Parts

If you have control over parts of a premises occupied by more than one workplace, but do not employ anyone yourself, you are nevertheless responsible for ensuring that the Fire Regulations are complied with in the areas under your control.

Occupational Safety & Health: Isu Keselamatan & Kesihatan Di Tapak Bina

Occupational Safety & Health: Isu Keselamatan & Kesihatan Di Tapak Bina

Working at Height (2)

WORKING AT HEIGHT

Introduction

Falls from height remain the single biggest cause of workplace deaths and one of the main causes of major injury. This section tells you what you need to do to comply with the Work at Height Regulations 2005. The regulations apply to all work at height where there is a risk of a fall liable to cause personal injury.
This question and answer brief includes some of the key issues about the new Work at Height Regulations 2005 and explains some of the things that you should be doing if you work in the construction industry.

Question 1 - Who do the Regulations Apply To?

The regulations place duties on employers, the self-employed, employees and anyone who controls the way work at height is undertaken, for example a principal contractor, a client, contractors, or factory owner, etc.
Existing requirements covering work at height in the Construction (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1996 are revoked, such as Regulations 6 to 8 and Schedules 1 to 5.
For further information see Schedule 8 of the Work at Height Regulations 2005.

Question 2 - What is Work at Height?

Work at height is work in any place, including a place at, above or below ground level, where a person could be injured if they fell from that place. Access and egress to a place of work can also be work at height.
Examples of work activities that are classified as working at height include:
• Working off bandstands.
• Working on a flat roof.
• Erecting falsework and formwork.
• Working from a ladder.
• Working at ground level adjacent to an open excavation.
• Working on formwork within an excavation.
• Working near or adjacent to fragile materials.
Some examples of where the regulations will not apply:
• Walking up and down a staircase in an office.
• Working in the upper floors of an office block or a portacabin.
• An operator sitting in a seat on an excavator.
• Sitting in a chair.

Question 3 - What is a Risk Assessment?

The Work at Height Regulations are based on a risk assessment approach. When considering work at height, a risk assessment should be undertaken in order to identify what the hazard is and the degree of risk present. A risk assessment is a careful examination of what could cause harm to people as a result of a work activity, and it allows you to take the necessary precautions to prevent the harm occurring.
In a risk assessment you need to:
1. Look for the hazards.
2. Decide who might be harmed and how.
3. Evaluate the risks and decide whether the existing precautions are adequate or whether more should be done.
4. Record your findings where necessary.
5. Review your assessment.
Examples of what to consider include:
• The work activity.
• The equipment to be used.
• The duration of the work.
• The location where the work activity is due to take place, i.e. presence of hazards such as overhead power lines, open excavations, underground services, etc.
• The working environment, e.g. weather conditions, lighting.
• Condition and stability of existing work surfaces.
• Physical capabilities of the workers, e.g. pregnancy, vertigo sufferers.

Question 4 - How Does the Requirement to Do a Risk Assessment Under the Management of
Health and Safety at Work Regulations Differ From These Regulations?

All recent health and safety legislation is goal setting and based on a risk assessment approach. The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations (the Management Regulations) have required the use of risk assessments to manage health and safety since 1992. The requirement under the Management Regulations for a risk assessment is no different from the requirement for one under the Work at Height Regulations. However, the risk assessment under the Work at Height Regulations is focused upon controlling the risks associated with working at height and the selection and use of work equipment for working at height.
If you are already using risk assessments to address working at height, then there is normally no need to change what you are doing in order to comply with the requirement for risk assessment under the Work at Height Regulations.
Further advice on risk assessment can be obtained from HSE guidance: Five Steps to Risk Assessment leaflet INDG163 (rev1) HSE Books 1998 and A Guide to Risk Assessment Requirements: Common Provisions in Health and Safety Law leaflet INDG218 HSE Books 1996.

Question 5 - What is Required When Planning to do Work at Height?


Any work at height needs to be planned in advance of the work activity, with careful consideration given to the selection and use of work equipment. The safe system of work needs to take account of:
• Any supervision of workers that may be necessary, e.g. work equipment selected lower down the hierarchy of control, such as fall arrest equipment, will require a higher level of supervision.
• Any weather conditions that workers may be exposed to, e.g. carrying out maintenance on an icy roof, or working in rainy conditions on a slippery surface;
• Any emergency or rescue procedures that may be required, e.g. if person falls while using a fall arrest system. It is not acceptable just to rely on the emergency services, it needs to be covered in the risk assessment and planned prior to the work activity being carried out. For example, how will an unconscious person be rescued after having fallen into a net? How will a person be rescued after having fallen in a fall-arrest harness? You may need to consider the use of a mobile elevated work platform (MEWP), ladder or tower to undertake a rescue.
See Question 19 for further guidance.

Question 6 - Who is Competent to Work at Height?

Competency is the experience, knowledge and appropriate qualifications that enable a worker to identify the risks arising from a situation and the measures needed to be taken.
Those undertaking a height work activity need to be trained in the selected system of work and any particular work equipment chosen. For example if a MEWP is selected then the operator must be trained in its use. If nets are used the net riggers must be trained in how to erect them safely. Managers should check that those doing the work are adequately trained.
For employees who regularly carry out work at height, e.g. roofers, it may be necessary for them to attend a formal training course on safe working procedures when at height, rather than just on-the-job training.

Question 7 - How Can I Avoid Working at Height?

A risk assessment for undertaking work at height should always consider how the work activity at height could be avoided. This may require modifying a design, e.g. erecting guardrails on steelwork at ground level and then craning the steel and the guardrails into place, or doing the work from underneath, e.g. using a MEWP or a mobile platform inside a building to repair a roof internally. However, in most instances in the construction industry, avoidance will not be possible and control measures for working at height will be required. Windows being cleaned from the ground rather than off ladders. Steel beams designed with prefixed sockets to insert the edge protection at ground level and so preventing scaffolders being exposed to a risk from height.

Question 8 - How Can I Prevent Someone From Falling When Working at Height?

Falls from height can be prevented through the use of working platforms with guardrails, or particular access equipment, such as MEWP’s (cherry pickers, scissor lifts, mast climbers, etc.).
Personal Protective Equipment can also prevent falls, such as a work restraint system, but this form of protection is lower down the hierarchy and should only be considered if the collective method of protection, as mentioned above, has been ruled out. However, in selecting work equipment for fall protection, all risks associated with that equipment must be considered, e.g. the risks involved in installing, using, dismantling and rescue related to that equipment.

Question 9 - What is an Existing Place of Work?

An existing place of work is best thought of as a ‘safe’ place of work - somewhere where you don’t need to use or add any additional work equipment to remove the risk of a fall from height occurring. If you do have to add or use anything to address the risk of a fall from height, then it is not an existing place of work. Work at height may be undertaken from an existing place of work, such as a flat roof. If the flat roof has permanent edge protection fitted around the perimeter of the roof, then it is unlikely that further work equipment would be necessary, as the risk of falling from the roof has already been controlled. Other examples include a machine or storage tank with fixed guard rails, mezzanine floor with edge protection, parts of a demolition or construction site where work equipment is not needed to make a working position safe because there is no risk of a fall.
An existing place of work may be transitory. For example soft strip demolition may be taking place on the fourth floor of an office building and during this process there is unlikely to be a risk of a fall occurring. However, as soon as the windows are removed, the openings created will give rise to the risk of a potential fall occurring and measures will need to be taken to prevent a fall, therefore this place of work is no longer an existing place of work.

Question 10 - What are Collective and Personal Measures?

Collective control measures should always take priority over personal control measures. Collective measures protect more than one person at any one time, e.g. scaffolds, airbags, nets, etc. and they are usually passive (i.e. they require no action by the user to work effectively).
Personal control measures rely upon personal protective equipment and only protect the user, e.g. fall-arrest harnesses. They are usually active (i.e. they require the user to do something for them to work effectively, such as clipping PPE lanyard onto an anchorage point at all times).

Question 11 - What are ‘Appropriate Ergonomic Conditions’?

Ergonomics covers how people interact with their environment and how a person adopts the correct work position or posture for the work in hand. The work position should have characteristics (including dimensions) that are appropriate to the nature of the job being carried out, e.g. a working platform should be wide enough to allow safe passage and movement, and allow safe and comfortable handling of materials.

Question 12 - What is the Hierarchy in Regulation 6?

Under Regulation 6 of the Work at Height Regulations, there is a hierarchy of control for determining how to work at height safely. The hierarchy has to be followed systematically and only when one level is not reasonably practicable may the next level be considered. It is not acceptable to select work equipment from lower down the hierarchy (e.g. personal fall arrest, such as harnesses and lanyards) in the first instance.
Duty holders must:
• Avoid work at height where they can.
• Use work equipment or other measures to prevent falls where they cannot avoid working at height.
• Where they cannot eliminate the risk of a fall, use work equipment or other measures to minimise the distance and consequences of a fall should one occur.
It is not necessary to implement all parts of the hierarchy, e.g. in the case of a fully boarded and guarded scaffold, workers would not be expected to wear personal fall-arrest equipment in addition.

Question 13 - What Do I Have to Do for Falls Below 2m?

There has always been a duty for a safe system of work and to prevent people from falling from any height. Under the Construction (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1996 all falls were required to be prevented. For falls under 2m, how this was done was determined by the risk, while for over 2m, there was a hierarchy that had to be followed that specified the use of guardrails and working platforms (or other similar equipment) to prevent falls.
The Work at Height Regulations require the risk of a fall to be prevented wherever a fall is liable to cause personal injury. This means that for any height where there is a risk of a fall causing personal injury then measures should be taken to prevent injury.
The old division between low and high falls has gone. The duty is to prevent falls. It is worth noting that there are almost as many low-fall injuries as high-fall injuries.
The Work at Height Regulations require you to take a sensible risk-based approach to preventing falls. Where it is reasonably practicable to take precautions to prevent a fall, steps should be taken to do so. Examples of what you have to do include:
• Using edge protection on bandstands for bricklayers.
• Ensuring that handrails to scaffolds and towers are provided and not deliberately removed for work less than 2m.
However it is essential that a sensible and pragmatic approach is taken when addressing low falls, so precautions should only be taken when the scope and duration of the work presents a risk of injury. If the risk is trivial, it is not reasonably practical to take precautions, and then no action needs to be taken apart from training and instruction.

Question 14 - What About Falls at 2m or More?

Where the fall height is 2m or more, HSE inspectors will always expect action to be taken to prevent falls. When selecting work equipment, the expectation is that guardrails and working platforms will be used. These are always the preferred measures to protect from falls unless a risk assessment clearly identifies other equipment as providing better protection given the nature and duration of the task. There will be no dilution in existing standards for work at height above 2m.

Question 15 - How High Should Handrails Be?

The new regulations require that handrails have a minimum height for construction work of 950mm, increased from 910mm in the old regulations. Where existing 910mm handrails are fixed in place they can remain at that height until they are changed. Any gap between the top rail and any intermediate rail should not exceed 470mm.

Question 16 - What Do I Need to Consider When Selecting Equipment for Working at Height?

When selecting work equipment for use at height, the following need to be taken into account:
• The working environment: what are the ground conditions, are there space constraints, are other people working in the same area, will members of public be affected?
• The duration and frequency of use: is the work activity of short duration, is it repetitive?
• Emergency and rescue procedures: can a timely evacuation and/or rescue be instigated?
• The distance and consequences of any potential fall: can a fall from the work equipment occur? If so, does this have the potential to cause injury?
• In the case of access and egress, what is the distance to be travelled?
• Any other additional risks posed by the installation, use, dismantling or removal of the work equipment.
• The dimensions of the work equipment, to ensure a safe working area and safe passage.
• The potential loadings of persons, equipment and materials.
• Is it appropriate for the nature of the work to be undertaken?
The type of work equipment required should be selected in conjunction with the risk assessment in accordance with the hierarchy of control.

Question 17 - What About Using Ladders and Stepladders?

These regulations do not ban ladders but require consideration to be given to their use. They require that ladders should only be considered where the use of other more suitable work equipment is not appropriate, such a tower scaffold, podium steps or temporary stairs. For example ladders are frequently used during fit-out installations, but in most cases other work equipment is more appropriate. Where ladders and stepladders are used they should only be used as a work place for light work of short duration. Specific guidance on ladders and stepladders is due to be issued by the HSE.

Question 18 - What are Working Platforms?

The Work at Height Regulations has changed the meaning of working platforms, which have traditionally been understood to mean a fully-boarded platform with handrails and toe boards. A working platform can now be virtually any surface from which work is carried out, such as a roof, floor, platform on a scaffold, a MEWP, the treads of a stepladder.

Question 19 - What do I Need to Take Account of When Considering Emergency Procedures?

Emergency procedures need to be considered for reasonably foreseeable circumstances, such as stuck access equipment, deployed fall arrest in order that a person or persons can be rescued.
The method selected needs to be proportionate to the risk and there should not be reliance on the emergency services. The method of rescue may well be simple, such as putting a ladder up to a net and allowing the fallen person to descend, or pulling a worker hanging on a deployed lanyard onto the surface below. In other situations, consideration may need to be given to the use of other work equipment, such as MEWP’s or proprietary rescue systems. Whatever the situation selected, you should be able to demonstrate that if someone falls, that there are arrangements in place that are capable of rescuing that person and that those involved are trained in the procedures and the equipment required is available.

Question 20 - What is a Work-Restraint System?

A work-restraint system is a fall-prevention system, which relies upon personal protective equipment, consisting of a harness and a lanyard, which is adjusted or set to a fixed length that physically prevents the person from getting to the place where they could fall. This system requires close supervision. While it is normal to use a specific work-restraint lanyard for this purpose it is acceptable to use a fall-arrest lanyard, provided the lanyard and energy absorber are correctly sized and used.

Question 21 - What is a Work Positioning System?

A work-positioning system is a personal fall-protection system, which includes a harness connected to a reliable anchor to support the user in tension or suspension in such a way that a fall is prevented or restricted. Examples of this type of equipment include: boatswain’s chairs; or people working on telephone poles. The regulations require that all work positioning systems be provided with a back-up system in case the primary support fails.

Question 22 - What are Rope Access and Positioning Techniques?

Rope access is a personal fall-protection system using two ropes each secured to different anchors. One rope is connected to a harness and the other acts as a safety back-up. Rope access is often used to access cliff faces or the sides of tall building when cradles are not suitable.

Question 23 - What is a Personal Fall-Arrest System?

A personal fall-arrest system is a fall-protection system that uses a harness connected to a reliable anchor to arrest and restrict a fall and prevent the user hitting the ground. It is designed to limit the forces on the body by having an energy-absorbing device. Fall-arrest harnesses should only be used where other collective measures cannot be used. To minimise the distance a person falls, the anchor point should be positioned as high as possible above the feet of the user. Personal fall-arrest systems should be regularly inspected for signs of wear and damage.

Question 24 - What about Scaffolding? Do I have to Design Scaffolding? What is a
Generally Recognised Standard Configuration?

Most scaffolds can be erected following a generally recognised standard configuration. HSE inspectors will accept those given in the National Access and Scaffolding Contactors (NASC) guide to EN 12811 or in the old British Standard BS 5973, or used in accordance with the manufactures guidance for system scaffolds as a recognised standard configuration.
Where scaffolds due to their complexity or size cannot be erected to these established configurations they should be designed according to the principals given in EN 12811, BS 5973 or based on fundamental engineering principals. In these cases a note of the design should be available.
Competent scaffolders should always erect tube and fitting, or system scaffolds, and a safe system of work should be followed, i.e. as described in NASC’s guidance note SG4.

Question 25 - What Do I Have to Do About Falling Objects?

The risk of falling materials causing injury should be minimised by keeping platforms clear of loose materials. In addition, a way of preventing materials or other objects rolling or being kicked off platform edges should be provided, e.g. toe boards, solid barriers, and robust brick guards or similar at open edges.
If the scaffolding is erected in a public place, debris nets, properly designed fans or covered walkways may be needed to give extra protection for people who may be passing below.
High-visibility barrier netting is not suitable for fall preventing objects from falling.
Where material is deliberately dropped it should be done in a controlled manner with the receiving area secured to keep people out of the drop area.
Summary of Steps to Take Before Working at Height
• Check there is a safe method of getting to and from the work area. Decide what particular equipment will be suitable for the job and the conditions on site.
• Make sure work platforms and any edges from which people are likely to fall have guardrails, toe boards or other barriers.
• Make sure that the equipment needed is delivered to site in good time and that the site has been prepared for it.
• Check that the equipment is in good condition.
• Make sure that whoever puts the equipment together is trained and knows what they are doing.
• Make sure that those who use the equipment are supervised so that they use it properly. The more specialised the equipment (e.g. MEWP’s, boatswain's chairs and rope access equipment), the greater the degree of training and supervision required to ensure safety.
• Check any equipment provided by another company to make sure it is safe before using it on site.
• Find out who to tell if any defects need to be remedied or modifications need to be made and keep them informed.
Remember:
• Only when other methods are not reasonably practicable or when work platforms cannot comply with all requirements for safe work should a way of arresting falls (such as nets or air bags) that provides collective protection to all those who are working be used.
• If no other means of providing a safe place of work at height is available then an appropriately anchored harness (personal fall arrest) should be worn. However, whenever fall-arrest harnesses are used, a rescue method must be available should the user fall and be left suspended in their harness. Further information on safety harnesses can be obtained from Appendix 3 of Health and Safety in Roof Work HSG33 (Second edition) HSE Books 1998.
• Nets or harnesses may also be needed to protect those working to put guard rails or
• When selecting a safe system of work at heights, all the risks have to be considered before one method is selected. If nets are selected, is there adequate clearance under the nets to prevent injury to those who may fall into the net? If harnesses are used, is there sufficient clearance from the ground to allow the shock-absorbing lanyard or inertia reel to fully extend?
• Before installing or using any system of work to enable safe work at height to be carried out, check that there is adequate clearance for equipment. For example, overhead power lines can be a risk when erecting scaffolds or using MEWP’s; there can be a risk of crushing against nearby structures when mobile access platforms are manoeuvred and that the ground is strong enough to support the MEWP.
• Ladders should always be secured if possible, and be primarily used for access and only be used at workplaces to do light work of short duration, and then only if it is safe to do so. It is generally safer to use a tower scaffold or MEWP, even for short-term work. Heavy work activity carrying heavy loads should never be carried out from a ladder. When using a ladder ensure that the person on the ladder always has three points of contact, i.e. two legs and a hand.

Your Health, Your Safety: A Guide for Workers

This information is from the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) in collaboration with the Trades Union Congress (TUC). HSE is a government organisation that works to protect the health, safety and welfare of workers by enforcing health and safety law and offering advice and support. The TUC represents over 70 trade unions with over 6.5 million members. It campaigns for fairness and decent standards at work.
You have the right:
• To work in places where all the risks to your health and safety are properly controlled.
• To stop working and leave the area if you think you are in danger.
• To inform your employer about health and safety issues or concerns.
• To contact the HSE or your local authority if you still have health and safety concerns and not get into trouble
• To join a trade union and be a safety representative.
• To paid time off work for training if you are a safety representative.
• To a rest break of at least 20 minutes if you work more than six hours at a stretch and to an annual period of paid leave.
You must:
• Take care of your own health and safety and that of people who may be affected by what you do (or do not do).
• Co-operate with others on health and safety, and not interfere with, or misuse, anything provided for your health, safety or welfare.
Your employer must tell you:
• About risks to your health and safety from current or proposed working practices.
• About things or changes that may harm or affect your health and safety.
• How to do your job safely.
• What is done to protect your health and safety.
• How to get first-aid treatment.
• What to do in an emergency.
Your employer must provide, free of charge:
• Training to do your job safely.
• Protection for you at work when necessary (such as clothing, shoes or boots, eye and ear protection, gloves, masks, etc.).
• Health checks if there is a danger of ill health because of your work.
• Regular health checks if you work nights and a check before you start.
(Note: If you are genuinely self-employed you are responsible for providing your own first-aid arrangements, training, protective equipment and health checks, and for organising your own working time.)
Your employer must provide you with the following information:
• Health and safety law: What you should know. This should give the contact details of people who can help.
• Their health and safety policy statement.
• An up-to-date Employers’ Liability (Compulsory Insurance) certificate visible in your place of work.
What to do if you are concerned about your health and safety:
• Phone HSE’s Infoline 0845 345 0055 for advice or to complain, or the TUC’s Know Your Rights line 0870 600 4882.
• If you would like to speak to someone in a language more suitable to you please call 0845 345 0055 and tell the operator which language.
• If you have lost your job because of a health and safety matter you may be able to complain to an Employment Tribunal. Ask your trade union or local Citizens Advice Bureau for advice.

Confine Space & Working at Height

Confined Space

Legislation / Guidelines
Victorian Occupational Health and Safety (Confined Space) Regulations
Occupational Health and Safety (Commonwealth Employment) (National Standards) Regulations
Australian Standard AS2865 Safe Working in a Confined Space
HB213 Guidelines for Working in a Confined Space
Methodology
Hazard identification – identify confined spaces in accordance with regulatory specifications, signpost and document
Risk assessment – identify the risk associated with hazards such as airborne contaminants, oxygen levels, explosive atmospheres, mechanical injury, electrical safety, noise, engulfment, manual handling, biological hazards and provide control options
Generate management policy and entry permit
Training – provide information on hazards and potential outcomes, detail entry procedures, rescue operations, roles of staff / standby persons / permit officer
Equipment
Zellweger Impact Pro 4 gas monitor
Zellweger Enforcer gas calibration unit
Examples
Development of management program, entry permit and training at research facility (> 120 confined spaces)
Gas assessments for entry – pits and ships holds
Management program, modification of entry permit and provision of training program – automotive parts manufacturer (> 50 confined spaces)



Contractor Induction and Management

Methodology
Develop program:
Identify and document core safety issues: permits, licensing, training, security
Identify contractor service area requirements
Develop induction and management package:
Contractor Checklist; identifies job requirements; licences and certificates, training, insurance, security (police check), equipment, site OHS requirements (permits, access to site areas)
Job Safety Analysis: outlines job step, hazards, controls and responsible persons (required for every contacting job)
Permit to Work: provides authority to conduct specified work, identifies work requirements (permits, isolations, plant status), contractor licences or certificates, work directions (required for every contacting job with sign on and sign off requirements)
Site Safety Induction –hard or electronic copy of contractor induction notes and questionnaire
Safety Handbook – pocket sized handbook for Contractors, outlines key OHS requirements i.e. emergency response, permit system, tag system, key contacts, site hazards, signposting
Contractor Identification Card – identifies contactor and supervisor
Examples
Program development for a research facility undergoing a 3 year $20 million upgrade incorporating approximately 150 contractor inductions per year. Unsupervised contractor access require to areas ranging from low security (grounds) to high security (level 4 biohazard laboratories). Access, quarantine and security considerations involved in the management process. The Contractor induction program addressed issues such as site operation, safety management, work practices (permit system, tagout / lockout), and emergency response through hard copy notes, a contactor handbook, JSA and a Permit to Work. Contractors were managed by Permit Officers through inductions, the Permit to Work and JSAs.

Job Safety Analysis

Legislation / Guidelines
WorkCover Website: http://www.safetyfirsstaluis.blogspot.com so_construction_safety_jsa
Methodology
Identify application
Develop proforma and management system; assess requirement for sign on, authorisation
Institute training program
Examples
Institution of program for the management of contractors and one off operations at construction site. SOPs used for routine activities.

Lockout / tagout

Legislation / Guidelines
HV Code of Practice - Code of Practice on Electrical Safety for Work on or near High Voltage Electrical Apparatus (the Blue Book)
Worksafe Victoria – Lock out and tagging out of plant
OHSA Fact Sheet – Lockout / Tagout
Methodology
Identify hazardous energy sources
Assess isolation requirements
Identify security requirements (isolation by Permit Officers only / isolations by general staff)
Develop tag and lock system and document management procedures
Provide Permit Officer and Staff training
Institute program
Examples
Consolidation and management of systems at a research facility and an automotive components manufacturing plant. Training and assessment of staff and Permit Officers.

Manual Handling

Legislation / Guidelines
Occupational Health and Safety (Manual Handing) Regulations
Code of Practice – Manual Handling
Methodology
Identify hazardous manual handling
Assess risk
Control risk
Examples
Assessment at a Milk processing facility

OHS Management

Short term management of facilities and programs
Part time or full time placements
Examples
12 month full time OHS management position at Commonwealth Facility

Permit Systems

Legislation / Guidelines
Occupational Health and Safety (Confined Space) Regulations
HV Code of Practice - Code of Practice on Electrical Safety for Work on or near High Voltage Electrical Apparatus (the Blue Book)
Worksafe Victoria – Lock out and tagging out of plant
OHSA Fact Sheet – Lockout / Tagout
Methodology
Identify access and isolations requirements i.e. entry to confined spaces, isolation of hazardous energy sources
Identify security requirements (isolation by Permit Officers only / isolations by general staff)
Develop permit proformas, tag and lock system and document management procedures
Consider requirements for sign on, sign off and authorisation
Provide Permit Officer and Staff training
Institute program
Examples
Development of permit system for Engineering Group of Research facility incorporating 8 permits (permit to work, confined space entry, roof access (heights), trenching, hot work, access (high energy), vicinity, sanction for testing, statement of condition of apparatus or plant) and 5 tags (personal danger, out of service, access permit, test in progress, caution).

Personal Protective Equipment

Legislation / Guidelines
Australian Standard AS 1336 Recommended practices for Occupational Eye Protection
Australian Standard AS 1715 Selection, use and maintenance of Respiratory Protection Devices
Australian Standard AS 1716 Respiratory Protection Devices
Australian Standard AS 1800 Occupational Protective Helmets - selection care and use
Australian Standard AS 2161 Occupational Protective Gloves
Examples
Provision of advice for the selection of appropriate respiratory and glove protection

Plant safety

Legislation / Guidelines
Occupational Health and Safety (Plant) Regulations
Code of Practice for Plant
Methodology
Develop assessment proforma
Identify Plant as defined by the regulations
Conduct audit and risk assessment
Provide control recommendations
Examples
Assessment at a milk processing plant (> 100 assessments) and a research facility (> 200 assessments)

Procedural development

Methodology
Review process requirements
Identify legislative requirements
Assess exposure potential and risk
Identify controls
Develop draft and circulate to stakeholders
Train staff
Examples
Procedure for access to gas contaminated areas
Access procedures to restricted spaces / hazardous work areas

Risk assessment – qualitative / quantitative

Qualitative

Methodology
Review of Legislative requirements, Codes of Practice, Australian Standards, toxicology, MSDSs
Examples
Lead process review
Toxicological review of ingredients and provision of handling recommendations
Interpretation of MSDS

Quantitative

Legislation / Guidelines
Australian New Zealand Standard AS4360 Risk Management
HB 436 Risk Management Guidelines
Methodology
Develop risk criteria and definitions; hazard, exposure, probability, consequence, likelihood, risk, inherent risk, control effect, control cost, annual injury rate, injury severity, residual risk, payback period
Assess hazards and control effectiveness on the basis of risk reduction/cost or priority (dollar savings due to risk reduction or payback period to recoup control cost)
Examples
Rank control options for gas asphyxiation hazards involving 7 supply areas/systems involving up to 9 different control strategies with costs ranging from $500 to $203,000.

Safe Operating Procedures (SOPs)

Methodology
Identify terms of application i.e. processes likely to be repeated, tasks involving moderate to high inherent risk, sign on, authorisation
Develop and document SOP proforma, instructions and management program
Conduct training program
Examples
SOP development for Engineering Group

Signage

Legislation / Guidelines
Australian New Zealand Standard AS1319 Safety Signs for the Occupational Environment

Trenching

Legislation / Guidelines
Worksafe Victoria - Guide for Undertaking Work near Underground Assets
Methodology
Identify hazards – potential excavation work, underground assets
Develop Permit
Train staff and contractors
Examples
Permit system developed for scientific facility installing underground security and communications cabling adjacent to HV supply, mains gas and water systems

Visitor Induction

Methodology
Assess site safety requirements and emergency response procedures
Identify whether visitors are to be escorted or unescorted
Determine sign on requirements
Develop induction proformas
Train staff
Examples
Visitor induction program developed for engineering department of research facility (> 200 visitors per year)

Working at Height

Legislation / Guidelines
Victorian OHS Regulations (Prevention of Falls)
Code of Practice – Prevention of Falls in General Construction
Code of Practice – Prevention of Falls in Housing Construction
Australian Standard AS 1657 Fixed Platforms, walkways, stairwells, and ladders – design, construction and installation
Australian Standard AS 1891 Industrial fall arrest systems and devices
Australian Standard AS 1892 Portable ladders
Methodology
Identify tasks involving a fall hazard
Undertake risk assessment
Control risk – fixed guardrails, travel restraint, fall arrest, ladders
Examples
Permit system and training program developed for research facility

Working at Height

WORKING AT HEIGHTS

Introduction

Fall protection practices, procedures and equipment for live performance venues are specified in both the Regulations for Industrial Establishments and Construction Projects, under the Occupational Health and Safety Act.

I Risk Assessment

1. A competent person should assess the risks associated with any job task and shall identify, and control or eliminate any fall hazards.

2. The best option for eliminating a fall hazard is a guardrail system. A worker shall be adequately protected by a guardrail system that meets the requirements of Construction Projects O.Reg. 213/91, s. 26(1), 8.(3 -8).

3. When the fall hazard cannot be eliminated, then the hazard shall be controlled by using a fall protection system in accordance with the Construction Projects O.Reg. 213/91, s. 26., 128., through 149.

II Hazard Recognition

Construction Projects O.Reg. 213/91, s. 26(1) to (9) apply where a worker is exposed to any of the following fall hazards:

• a height of more than 3 metres (approx. 10 feet);
• into operating machinery;
• into water or another liquid;
• into or onto a hazardous substance or object;
• though an opening in a work surface.

III Training

1. Construction Projects O.Reg. 231/91, s. 26(2) states: "An employer shall ensure that a worker who may use a Fall Protection System is adequately trained in its use and given adequate oral and written instructions by a competent person."

2. All production employers shall ensure that:

• training records are kept, including participants' names and training dates; Construction Projects O.Reg. 213/91, s. 26(2)
• the training records are available to Ministry of Labour inspectors on request. Construction Projects O.Reg. 213/91, s. 26(2)(4)

IV Rescue Plan

1. According to Construction Project O.Reg. 213/91, s.(1),17(2)(3), a written rescue plan must be in place when a fall arrest system is used, and should be in place whenever a fall protection system is used. The plan must be posted in a conspicuous place.

Definitions

Aerial or elevating work platforms: Hydraulic or electrical controlled devices used to elevate personnel or materials. These include: scissor lifts, articulated boom lifts, individual personnel lifts, self-propelled lifts, manual "push-around" lifts, elevating rolling work platforms, self-propelled elevating work platforms, boom-type elevating work platforms, and vehicle-mounted aerial devices.

Authorized: Certified by a professional engineer.

Anchorage: Certified point of attachment for lifelines, lanyards or deceleration devices.

Connector: A self-closing device used to connect various parts of personal fall arrest or work-positioning systems.

Fall protection: A method of minimizing the possibility of falling.

Fall arrest: A method of minimizing the effects of a fall.

Fall restricting: A work positioning system used to minimize the distance of a fall to 2 feet (60 cm.).

Full body harness: A manufactured system of webbing secured about the worker in a manner that will distribute the fall arrest forces equally over the thighs, pelvis, waist, chest and shoulders with a means of attaching it to other components of a personal fall arrest system.

Guardrail system: A temporary or permanent barrier erected to prevent employees from falling to lower levels.

Lanyard: Flexible line of rope, wire rope, or strap which generally has a connector at each end for connecting the body belt or body harness to a deceleration device, lifeline, or anchorage.

Lifeline: A flexible line for connection to an anchorage at one end to suspend vertically (vertical lifeline), or for connection to anchorages at both ends to stretch horizontally (horizontal lifeline), and which serves as a means for connecting other components of a personal fall arrest system to the anchorage.

Lifts: Aerial or elevating work platforms.

Overclimbing: Climbing above a primary anchor point.

Personal fall arrest system: System used to arrest a worker in a fall from an elevation. It consists of an anchorage, connectors and full-body harness, and may include a lanyard, deceleration device and/or lifeline.

Rope grab: Deceleration device which travels on a lifeline and automatically, by friction, engages the lifeline and locks to arrest the fall of a worker.

Rolling A-Frame Ladders: An A-Frame ladder positively attached to a dolly board. The locking castor wheels are to be outside the profile of the ladder. Fall Arrest should be used if working beyond the ladder profile.

Self-propelled elevating work platforms; Self-propelled platforms; Scissor lifts: A portable work station which is moved along the floor/ground/deck by mechanical means.

Self-retracting lifeline/lanyard: A deceleration device that automatically adjusts its length under mild tension and arrests a fall.

Travel restraint: A system that prevents workers from reaching an unprotected edge or opening.

Work positioning systems: Aerial or elevating work platforms, ladders, boatswain's chairs, and scaffolding.

Fall Protection

1. A worker shall be adequately protected by a guardrail system. Construction Projects O.Reg. 213/91, s.26(1) If it is not reasonably possible to install guardrails, use an alternative fall protection system.

• Safety net
• Travel Restraint system
• Fall Arrest System

2. The following components must be designed, engineered and rated by the manufacturer in accordance with CSA standards (or equivalent):

• Connecting Components CAN/CSA Z259.12-01
• Lanyards CAN/CSA/Z259.1-95
• Harnesses CAN/CSA/Z259.10-M90

Passive Systems

1. Guardrails & Handrails: Construction Projects O.Reg. 213/91, s. 26.3(1) states "A guardrail system that meets the requirements of this section shall be used if a worker has access to the perimeter or an open side of any of the following work surfaces and is exposed to a fall of 2.4 metres or more:

a) A floor, including the floor of a mezzanine or balcony.
b) A scaffold platform or other work platform, runway or ramp. O.Reg. 213/91, s. 129(3).
2. Safety Net: A safety net shall be designed, tested and approved by an engineer and installed by a competent person. The approval shall be documented and available at the location. Construction Projects O.Reg. 213/91, s. 26.8 (1 - 5)

Travel Restraint

Travel restraint is a system which prevents a worker from physically reaching the fall hazard, thereby effectively eliminating the hazard. Construction Projects O.Reg. 213/91, s. 26.4 (1-4)

Fall Arrest Systems

A Personal Fall Arrest System - PFAS includes a full body harness, connector, lifeline, and certified anchorage components.

Anchorage

All anchorage components should be inspected before each use.

For wire rope assemblies, synthetic slings or other components, refer to the manufacturer's installation recommendations.

1. Permanent Anchor Points

A permanent anchor system used as the fixed support in a fall arrest system, fall restricting system or travel restraint system must adhere to the Building Code. Construction Projects O.Reg. 213/91, s. 26.7(1) or CAN/CSA Z259.16-04

2. Temporary Anchor Points

a) Minimum certified anchorage requirements are outlined in Construction Projects O.Reg. 213/91 section 26.7 (2)(1.-5.) for:

• travel restraint
• fall arrest
• fall restricting

b) An anchor point should be independent of the supporting or suspension system of the worker.

c) Anchorage used for vertical fall arrest should be located directly above the work area.

Vertical Lifelines

1. Vertical Lifelines - VLL are the most frequently used devices for vertical access or ladder protection in our industry. see Construction Projects O.Reg. 213/91, s. 26.9(1.-7.)

Two typical examples are:

• 5/8" diameter three-strand or kernmantle - synthetic fibre rope, with compatible rope grab.
• 3/16" diameter Self-Retracting Lifeline - SRL Independent Wire Rope Core (IWRC) wire rope, with fall-indicating snaphook.

2. Vertical lifelines should be suspended separately from any work position or platform system, unless authorized by an engineer.

3. Primary anchorage to a commercial lighting truss system is not recommended for any vertical lifeline system, unless authorized by an engineer.

4. Over-climbing a self-retracting lifeline anchor point is not recommended by any manufacturer.

5. An energy-absorbing lanyard should not be used in combination with a self-retracting lifeline, unless the lifeline manufacturer specifically includes one for use within the system.

6. A self-retracting lifeline should be attached directly to the dorsal D-ring on a full-body harness. A sternal D-ring connection may be allowed in some applications for vertical ladder climbing only.

7. Synthetic lifelines should not be used in direct proximity to pyrotechnics or high-heat luminaires.

8. A self-retracting lifeline should not be stored in an extended position unless permitted by the manufacturer.

Horizontal Lifelines

1. Horizontal Lifelines (HLL) installations include rigging grids and lighting systems. Two typical examples of manufactured systems are:

• 5/8" diameter (three-strand or kernmantle) synthetic fibre rope, with energy absorber, tensioning device and connecting O-rings.
• 3/8" diameter IWRC (independent wire rope core) wire rope, with energy absorber and tensioning device.

2. Minimum anchorage requirements and vector force calculations vary by manufacturer. The interpretation of these calculations shall be made by a professional engineer. Construction Projects O.Reg. 213/91, 26.9, s. 8.(1.-6.).

3. Snaphooks must be connected to the supplied O-ring on a synthetic horizontal lifeline.
4. Commercially available horizontal lifelines should always be used as directed by the manufacturer.
5. The number of workers using a horizontal lifeline system should not exceed the manufacturer's specifications.
6. Synthetic lifelines should not be used in direct proximity to pyrotechnics or high-heat luminaires.

Work Positioning and Access Systems

Fall hazards may be avoided or reduced by using a work positioning system in accordance with the Construction Projects O.Reg. 213/91, section 128. through 149.

Anyone working on an elevated work positioning system shall be trained by a competent person.

Scaffolding

Scaffolding must be erected in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. Regulations for scaffolding can be found in Construction Projects O.Reg. 213/91, s.125. through 149.

1. An external anchor point should be used when errecting scaffolding. Ladders

Refer to Construction Projects O.Reg. 213/91, s. 78. - 84.

1. Select the proper ladder for the intended task.

2. Inspect all ladders prior to every use to ensure structural integrity. Damaged or defective ladders should be removed from service.

3. Use ladders on firm, level surfaces. Stabilize the base of the ladder to prevent slipping and/or moving. Ensure ground surfaces, rungs and steps are clear of slippery substances.

4. Keep the base of the ladder clear for access and for traffic control. When necessary, use cones, tape, or a spotter to secure high traffic areas. Industrial Establishments O.Reg 851, s. 73.(a) -(e).

5. Do not leave tools or materials on top of any ladder. Ensure personal tools are secure when climbing ladders.

6. Straight or extension ladders must be installed on a 3:1 or 4:1 slope, e.g. one (1) foot out at the base, for every four (4) feet up.
7. When working above 3 meters (10 ft), secure the ladder. The top of a straight or extension ladder should be secured to an independent anchorage to prevent lateral movement.

8. Independent fall arrest is necessary when using a ladder as a work station above 3 meters (i.e. not when using a ladder to access another level or rolling A-frame ladders).

9. Always face the ladder when climbing up or down. Always maintain 3-point contact and avoid reaching beyond the side-rails of the ladder.

10. Follow the manufacturers' recommendations to determine which rungs of the ladder are appropriate to work from.

11. Ladders made of non-conductive material should be used while working around energized wiring and equipment.

12. When working in outdoor conditions extra safety measures must be taken.

13. Never use ladders horizontally as scaffold planks or runways, unless they have been designed for that purpose.

Elevating Work Platforms

1. All personnel shall be trained in the safe operation of any elevating work platform prior to use. Construction Projects O. Reg. 213/91 s. 147.(1) -(2).

2. An elevating work platform shall only be used if it complies with the National Standards of Canada Construction Projects O. Reg. 213/91, s. 144.(1)(a).

3. A travel restraint system with a full body harness must be worn at all times and attached to the engineered anchor point on the platform. Construction Projects O. Reg. 213/91, s.148(e). Please see Guideline 14.

4. An elevated work platform should only be operated on a strong, stable, horizontal and level surface unless permitted by the manufacturer (refer to operators manual).

5. Do not modify an elevated work platform in any way unless permitted by manufacturer and certified by an engineer. This includes adding planks or ladders to an elevated work platform to gain additional height.

6. Do not modify elevated work platform to override safety features.

7. Never exceed the manufacturer's rated capacity of an elevated work platform.

8. A communication system and a rescue plan must be in place before a worker goes to height.

9. The worker going to height should always control the elevated work platform. No ground-operated controls shall be engaged without the permission of the worker at height, except in an emergency.

10. Elevated platforms should not be anchored or attached to a permanent structure while working at height.

11. An elevated work platform should not be used as a crane unless specifically designed for that use.

12. A forklift should not be used as an elevating work platform unless designed and permitted by manufacturer or approved by professional engineer (see #2).

Boatswain's chair

1. Boatswain's chairs should be CSA approved.

2. Follow the Construction Regulations Construction Projects O.Reg 213/.91, s. 137 or Window Cleaning Regulations O.Reg. 523/92, before using a boatswain's chair.

3. Every part of a hoisting and rigging system shall be capable of supporting at least 10 times the maximum load to which the part is likely to be subjected. Construction Projects O.Reg 213/.91, s. 137(8)

4. Workers in a boatswain's chair shall wear a full body harness connected to a separate fall arrest system. Construction Projects O.Reg 213/.91 s. 141(1)

Cranes

Guidelines for lifting people with cranes can be found in Construction Projects O.Reg. 213/91, s. 153(2).

Rescue Plan

According to Construction Projects O.Reg. 213/91 section 17 (1)(2)(3), a written rescue plan must be in place when a fall arrest system is being used, and should be in place whenever personnel are working at height. This plan must be posted in a conspicuous place and communicated to all workers before work begins.

A rescue plan should include:

1. The designated trained person(s) in charge of rescue.
2. Qualified on-site first aid personnel (with contact numbers) and equipment as per Ontario Bill1101.
3. Names and contact phone numbers of Emergency Medical Services - EMS or fire services resources in the jurisdiction.
4. Emergency access to worksite.
5. A back-up system of communications.
6. All rescue or emergency control procedures for any mechanical hoisting systems or elevating devices being used in the workplace.
7. Annual review and rehearsal of rescue procedures.
8. Procedures to lock-out and secure activated safety devices and unsafe work areas.

Equipment Inspection Maintenance and Storage

1. Follow the manufacturer's instructions and recommendations for equipment, including documentation, inspection schedule, maintenance, and storage. It is the duty of the owner and/or employer to ensure all equipment is inspected and maintained by a competent person The worker shall inspect all equipment before each use. Construction Projects O. Reg. 231-91, s.26.6(6).

2. Follow the manufacturer's warnings about retirement schedules. Replace items, even if unused, according to the manufacturer's recommended retirement scheduling.

3. If the integrity of any fall protection equipment is in doubt, it shall be retired from service permanently or repaired and re-certified by the manufacturer.

4. Check with the manufacturer's instructions before using any cleansers, markers, paint, stickers on synthetic materials or hardware.

5. Store fall protection equipment to avoid moisture, abrasion, dirt, ultraviolet light, extreme temperatures and other hazards. Use appropriate containers to store equipment.

Appendix (useful terms)

Deceleration device: Any mechanism, such as a rope grab, rip-stop lanyard, integral lanyard, tearing or deforming lanyards, automatic self-retracting lifelines/lanyards, etc., which serves to dissipate a substantial amount of kinetic energy during a fall, and thus limit the arrest force.

Deceleration distance: The distance between the location of a worker's full body harness attachment point at the moment of activation of the deceleration device during a fall, and the location of that attachment point after the worker comes to a full stop.

Free fall: The act of falling before a personal fall arrest system begins to activate.

Free fall distance: The vertical distance between the onset of the fall to the point where the fall arrest system begins to apply force to arrest the fall.

Lower levels: Areas or surfaces to which a worker can fall. Such areas or surfaces include, but are not limited to, ground levels, floors, platforms, ramps, runways, orchestra pits, traps, water, equipment, structures, or portions thereof.

Opening: Gap or void 30 inches (76 cm) or more high and 18 inches (48 cm) or more wide, in a wall or partition, through which employees can fall to a lower level.

Snaphook: Connector comprised of a hook-shaped member with a self-closing keeper, or similar arrangement, which may be opened to permit the hook to receive an object and, when released, automatically closes to retain the object.

Toeboard: Low protective barrier that is an integral part of a guardrail system and will prevent the fall of materials or equipment to lower levels.

Unprotected sides and edges: Any side or edge (except points of access) of a walking/working surface, e.g., floor, roof, ramp, or runway where there is no wall or guardrail system at least 36 inches (0.9 m) high.

Walking/working surface: Any surface, whether horizontal or vertical on which a worker walks or works, such as floors, roofs, ramps, bridges, runways, but not including ladders.

Warning line system: Temporary demarcation erected to warn workers that they are approaching an unprotected edge. This shall outline an area at least 2 metres from a fall hazard in which work may take place without the use of guardrail or safety net systems to protect workers in the area. (May also be referred to as a "bump line".)

Work positioning device system: Full-body harness system rigged to allow a worker to be supported on an elevated surface and work with both hands.